WAR OF INDEPENDANCE 1807 - Napoleon Bonaparte decides to occupy Portugal. King Carlos IV allows him to cross the peninsula. - Napoleon invades some spanish cities on his way to Portugal. - Carlos IV abdicates on his son Fernando VII. - Napoleon forced Fernando VII to abdicate on Napoleon's brother, Jose Bonaparte. - The spanish population didn't accept this and started the War of Independence (1808 - 1814). - Meanwhile, in 1812, the Spanish Parliament writes the Constitution of Cádiz, the first constitution of Spain. FERNANDO VII - EL DESEADO (1814 - 1833) - He was proclaimed king when his father abdicated in 1808. - He was hold prisioner in France while the War of Independance. - After the war, he restored the absolut monarchy. ISABEL II - LA REINA CASTIZA ( 1833 - 1868) - She became queen because her father modified the law. - During her reign there was a constitutional monarchy - She wasn't very interested in ruling the country. - There was a revolution in the country and she was exiled. AMADEO DE SABOYA - EL ELECTO (1871 - 1873) - He was an italian duke, chosen by the government of Spain to be the king. - The opposition to the government (Carlistas and Republicans) didn't want him in the power. - He finally abdicated in 1873. FIRST REPUBLIC - 1873 - 1874 - It was short and with an instability in politics. - There were 4 presidents of the government in 1 year. - It finished with the militar revolt of Arsenio Martinez Campos. ALFONSO XII - EL PACIFICADOR (1874 - 1885) - He started a new period, called the Restoration. - He died prematurely, victim of tuberculosis. ALFONSO XIII - EL AFRICANO (1885 - 1931) - He gained the title of king before he was born. His mother, Maria Cristina, was the regent queen until he was 16 years old. SOCIETY IN THE 19TH CENTURY - The upper class: the aristocrats and the bourgeois. - The middle class: merchants, doctors, lawyers... - The lower class: peasants and factory workers. ----------------- THE FACTORY WORKERS----------------------- This new group is the result of the Industrial Revolution. Factory workers worked in factories, mainly in Cataluña and País Vasco. New inventions like the steam engine, trains, steamboats make possible that the textile and metal industries developed and replaced many craftsmen and workshops. ART AND CULTURE - Architecture: neoclassical style, Modernism - Sculpture: in gardens, squares, avenues... - Painting: Goya, Impressionism, Sorolla. - Literature: José Zorrilla, Rosalía de Castro, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas "Clarín". And the "Generación del 98": Pío Baroja, Miguel de Unamuno, Antonio Machado, Ramón María del Valle-Inclán. |